John Waite Essential Amino
FULL TEXT Abstract: Microbial biotechnology has a long history of producing feeds and foods. The key feature of today's market economy is that protein production.
1., Xingbo Wu 1, 1 and Carolina Astudillo 2. 1Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, USA. 2Bayer Crops Research, Davis, CA, USA Nutrient transport to grain legume seeds is not well studied and can benefit from modern methods of elemental analysis including spectroscopic techniques.
Some cations such as potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg) are needed for plant physiological purposes. Meanwhile, some minerals such as copper (Cu), iron (Fe), molybdenum (Mo), and zinc (Zn) are important micronutrients.
- Darker Side Of Town John Waite Lyrics, MP3, Video. Darker Side Of Town is shown by John Waite Artists, you can find a list of websites about this song with Lyrics, MP3 and Videos.
- In Clearwater, John Waite’s impeccably preserved vocal keeps fans coming coming back By Gabe Echazabal, April 6, 2019 You’d think that audiences might be less keen on seeing John Waite after his many visits to the Ba.
Phosphorus (P) is rich in legumes, while sulfur (S) concentration is related to essential amino acids. In this research, the goal was to analyze a genetic mapping population of common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectrophotometry to determine concentrations of and to discover quantitative trait loci (QTL) for 15 elements in ground flour of whole seeds. The population was grown in randomized complete block design experiments that had been used before to analyze Fe and Zn. A total of 21 QTL were identified for nine additional elements, of which four QTL were found for Cu followed by three each for Mg, Mn, and P. Fewer QTL were found for K, Na and S. Boron (B) and calcium (Ca) had only one QTL each. The utility of the QTL for breeding adaptation to element deficient soils and association with previously discovered nutritional loci are discussed.
Inheritance of Elemental Concentrations Quantitative trait loci were analyzed for all of the elements with significant parental contrasts for the population. Therefore QTL were searched for 13 out of the 15 elements (two elements were not significantly different). No QTL were found for Mo or Ni even though the parents contrasted. Since Fe and Zn QTL have already been reported, in this study we only document the QTL for nine elements. In total, 21 QTL were identified for these nine elements and are described in Table. For the QTL identified, the most (four) were for Cu.
Meanwhile three QTL each were found for Mg, Mn, and P. Two QTL each were found for the elements: K, Na, and S but only one QTL each was found for B and Ca.
QTL locations for the individual nutrients were identified on a saturated molecular marker map for the DOR364 × G19833 population and the nearest marker to the QTL are reported in Table while the regions of the QTL are shown in Figure. Genetic linkage map showing quantitative trait loci (QTL) for elements detected by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) method in the DOR364 × G19833 (DG) mapping population. QTL are shown as different colored bars for Boron (B), Calcium (Ca), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Magnesium (Mg), Manganese (Mn), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Sodium (Na), Sulfur (S), and Zinc (Zn) with cross marks indicating peak likelihood ratio values. Genetic markers consist of simple sequence repeat (SSR) anchor and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers from, ) along with genes from the phytate biosynthesis pathway ( IPK2, ITPKb, MIPSs, and MIPSv) and the protein marker for phaseolin ( Phs) highlighted in red and green text, respectively, all shown to the right of each chromosome/linkage group. Map distances between markers are shown on the scale to the left of the chromosome/linkage groups for the DG population.
The QTL were found on every chromosome except for two and were mostly independent of each other (Table ). The Likelihood ratio (LR) values ranged from LR = 11.58 (equivalent LOD = 2.52) for the least significant QTL to LR = 33.21 (LOD value of 7.21) for the most significant. These QTL were for Na on chromosome 9 near marker U1002D (lowest value) and for Mn on chromosome 8 near marker L0490G (highest value). The LOD value significance in this QTL study was defined by permutation tests so thresholds varied but were confident for the declaration of the QTL found as per. Higher LOD value QTL were identified for K, Mn, and P compared to Ca, Cu, and Mg which had mostly moderate LOD values, with the exception of one intermediate to high LOD value of 5.0 for a Cu QTL on chromosome 9 near the marker G182G. Other intermediate LOD value QTL (above 3.5) were found for B on chromosome 5 (LOD - 3.8), for Mn on chromosome 5 ( LOD = 4.8), Na on chromosome 5 ( LOD = 5.2) and P on chromosome 5 and chromosome 11 near markers AS8.900 ( LOD = 4.8) and K126G ( LOD = 6.5), respectively.
The determination values for individual markers (R2) ranged from highs of 29.1 and 28.7% (for Cu QTL on chromosome 1 and Mn QTL on chromosome 8) to low of only 8.0% (for Cu QTL on chromosome 6 and Mn QTL on chromosome 1). Total R2 (TR2) determination values ranged from a low of 32.1% for the combined effect of the Ca QTL on chromosome 8–65.4% for the combined effect of the Cu QTL on chromosome 1 together with five next most significant background markers. Similar to even mix of elements with higher concentration in one parent or the other, the positive source allele for the QTL identified were about equally from the Andean accession genotype G19833 (10 loci) and from the Mesoamerican breeding line genotype DOR364 (11 loci). G19833 contributed the positive allele for the single QTL for Ca while DOR364 contributed the positive allele for the single QTL for B.
For Cu and Mg two thirds or more of the loci had positive Andean alleles; while for Na and S the positive alleles were one half from Andean sources and one half from Mesoamerican sources. The positive allele for all K and P QTL were from DOR364; while the positive alleles for all Mn QTL were from G19833. Discussion The ICP technology had a number of advantages for element evaluation in common bean. A large number of heteroelements and metals such as Ca, Mg, P, and S, or Cu, Cd, Co, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, and Zn , respectively, could be accurately detected and quantified in the seed flour through ICP and the instrument proved to be very reliable and robust, with very low detection limits down to ppm and even ppt for certain elements (; ). ICP also had high spectral resolution for non-metals as well as for minerals and tolerated the differences in the bean flour matrix from genotype to genotype in the mapping population detecting the elements regardless of their chemical matrices and overall environments.
This made the ICP method useful for both parental element evaluation and QTL detection in the recombinant inbred line population. From the first part of the study on the parental seed DOR364 and G19833 were contrasting in a large number of element concentrations and ICP was a valuable technique for detecting the content of newly evaluated elements with low concentrations in ground common bean flour, just as it had been for the Fe and Zn studies previously (, ). This was due to low concentration thresholds and detection limits for ICP compared to the previous analytical methods used in common beans (, ).
The ICP method was found to produce consistent and valuable information on element concentrations for various metals such as Cu, Fe, Ni, Zn, as well as cations such as Ca and Mg and the hetero-elements B, S, and P. The ICP method has become the technique of choice in determining elemental concentrations , covering a broad field of elements, metals, metalloids, and metabolites. A major advantage of ICP was that it provided precise quantification via the element signal and was not affected by the matrix from which the element is derived. ICP could be used for evaluating a complex and dense plant organ such as a seed, and is also a method for analyzing food samples or grains destined for food since the method relies on a small sample. Although beyond the scope of this study, the ICP method can also be used in combinations of beans with vegetables or meat products with which they are commonly consumed.
Major nutrients is of most interest since Mg is required for photosynthesis and leaf development, while K is needed for stomata and vacuole functioning. Mo is needed by legumes for nodule function. Mn together with Ca is important for plant cell wall strength and also brain development during child development.
Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) are not analyzed by ICP and this is perhaps one disadvantage of using ICP compared with different types of mass spectroscopy or elemental analysis. In the genetic portion of this study, we found the inheritance of seed concentration of almost all elements to be oligogenic to multigenic. We found several elements (Cd and Co) to be highly influenced by environment factors while others were less so and could be evaluated for QTL.
Two elements were found in low amounts (Mo and Ni) and were not highly variable in the population, so QTL were not detected for these. The findings of quantitative inheritance for most elements are similar to the conclusions about Fe and Zn concentration in common bean as reviewed in. Some of the QTL for elements evaluated in this study aligned with QTL for seed Fe and Zn concentration from a previous study in this same population or with QTL for phytate and P concentration or content in this same population or in the population G2333 × G19839. Most notably, one QTL for K and one for Mg from this study were found to be in the region of the Phs locus on chromosome 7, an area of the genome carrying multiple genes that influenced Fe and Zn concentration. Another QTL for Mg near the marker Bng96 on chromosome 8 aligned with a previous QTL for Fe from that study as well as did a QTL for S on chromosome 11 found near a cluster of previously described QTL for Fe and Zn. One QTL for P concentration on chromosome 11 as identified by ICP in this study correlated with a previous QTL for P levels as identified by atomic absorption in the DOR364 × G19833 population.
However, the other QTL for P identified in this study on chromosome 2 and chromosome 5 were separate from QTL for P or phytate concentration from that previous study. These new QTL for P could be interesting for breeding purposes especially as the QTL on chromosome 5 was linked to the vegetative expressed myo-inositol phosphate synthase gene ( MIPSv) that is basal to phytate synthesis and was mapped.
The MIPSv associated QTL could therefore play a role in whole plant accumulation of P that then would be transported to the seed. Phytate may be a binding agent for some of the minerals which is why there may be a relationship between QTL. The combination of phytate or P related QTL with loci controlling Fe, Zn are important in determining the nutrient availability from bean seeds of these trace elements for cellular metabolism in humans, especially for those that are at risk of iron deficiency anemia.
Other QTL for trace elements like Cu and Mn could be important from a health perspective as their deficiency can lead to stunted growth in children. Both minerals also play major role in reducing oxidative stress, and along with Zn, Mn, and Cu at varying levels in the diet are purported to reduce the risk of chronic diseases and age-related degenerative diseases (;; ). For example the formation of superoxide dismutase requires copper (Cu), Mn, and Zn. The QTL for these elements can also be important for plant physiological reasons. Notably, the balance of Mn with other positively charged ions such as K, Mg, and Na is also important for plant homeostasis, photosynthesis, stomatal activity and root function. Deficiency in K can be observed on some sandy soils in dry or wet environments but is not always critical in common bean.
A response to K fertilization of common bean in Eastern Africa showed that breeding for K-use efficiency should be a goal of programs that try to improve the quality of legume seeds in the process of biofortification. The variability in LOD scores could be due to the penetrance of the genes underlying the QTL or due to the environmental site effects as seen for the parental comparisons and this would affect the success in breeding. Meanwhile, QTL for K could be useful if found to be associated with stomatal activity and subsequent water use efficiency or with the rate of photosynthesis through production of ATPs which in turn are associated with sugar and other nutrient (nitrates, phosphates, Ca and Mg) transport through phloem or xylem, respectively. The multiple role of K in protein and starch synthesis and in overall plant development and crop quality make the QTL for this element worthy of further study. The lack of QTL for heavy metals such as Cd, Co, Ni, and Mo could show that these are in minimal concentration on the uncontaminated soils used in our experiment. Therefore, more specific agricultural soils would be needed to determine the genetic control of heavy metals in bean seeds. Certain other QTL could be important for nutrition and plant physiology together.
For example the QTL for S concentration could indicate the presence and amount of essential sulfur-containing amino acids which are important in legumes. The QTL for B concentration could indicate tolerance to boron toxicity, although this is rarely a problem in common beans since this crop is more likely to be grown on acid soils rather than alkaline soils where high boron can be a problem. Apart from RIL analysis in common bean, the most extensive studies for uncovering loci involved in the accumulations of the elements mentioned in other legumes above have used the GWAS (genome wide association) approach.
The most notable GWAS studies so far have been in the garden pea with ICP nutrient accumulation genes detected through a whole genome scan. Basic studies have also been done in Arabidopsis seeds where a gamut of minerals was evaluated by QTL analysis and genome wide scans. Similarly QTL analysis in Lotus and Medicago have been valuable in gene discovery (; ).
Our study showed that common beans are good sources of many essential nutrients, beyond only Fe and Zn. Apart from being rich in Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, P, and Zn, common beans, like all grain legumes are usually consumed whole not milled, so their cation mineral concentration reflects their concentration in food as well (,). Overall, the range of Ca, Mg, P, and S in the common bean seed were higher by 10–20 fold over the amount of B, Cu, Mn, and Na, which are lower than Fe and Zn (, ). Legumes are useful because of the high harvest index of minerals and nutrient retention even when boiled or cooked into a dish (; ). In addition, common beans are one of the legumes of greatest importance worldwide and are a staple crop for the poor in Latin America and Eastern and Southern Africa making it worthy of biofortification. It therefore makes sense to develop common bean varieties taking into account the seed nutrient concentration and QTL controlling these traits. QTL validation is needed for all the regions detected to influence mineral accumulation in this study by repeating the experiment in new years and especially at additional sites which represent different soil nutrient profiles.
From a research point of view, the genetic dissection of nutrient uptake and seed accumulation in a crop plant such as common bean is part of a movement termed “Ion Genomics” and is a valuable starting point to understanding the genes underlying nutrient use by grain legumes. Author Contributions MB wrote project, analyzed data and prepared manuscript, table and figures, XW and DB assisted in manuscript writing, editing and organization, CA provided data analysis. Funding This work was funded in part by a subproject of Harvest Plus Challenge Program (now Agriculture for Nutrition and Health) to MB. Authors, MB, XW, and DB were supported by TSU Evans Allen funds from USDA.
Conflict of Interest Statement The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Acknowledgment We are grateful to Teresa Fowles at Waite lab for help with ICP analysis. Reviewed by:, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Canada, Indian Institute of Pulses Research, India Copyright © 2016 Blair, Wu, Bhandari and Astudillo.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.Correspondence: Matthew Wohlgemuth Blair.
Abstract Components of the leaves of species of Eucalyptus were bioassayed using Uraba lugens. Lyophilised leaf powder added to plain diet (cellulose and agar) indicated that feeding rates upon different eucalypts were similar until the proportion of leaf powder in diets reached 4.5% when diets gave the same distinctive results as fresh leaves. The factor(s) responsible for food plant selection by caterpillars was retained in prepared leaf powder and was available for extraction and further testing.
Using the plain diet and a diet containing 0.1 M sucrose (standard diet) tests determined the biting and feeding responses of larvae. The major phagostimulants were sucrose, fructose and ascorbic acid.
Most substances tested had little or no effect upon larval feeding and were classified as inert (not different from plain diet). Others appeared to enhance larval behaviour only when combined with other substances such as sucrose; these were recorded as synergists. Feeding deterrents or antifeedants were also found.
Irrespective of the effect that substances had upon larval behaviour, we recognised that they may have been essential dietary components. Ancillary Article Information. And Benjamin, D.
( 1975).— Deterrent(s) in Jack pine ( Pinus banksiana) influencing larval feeding behaviour and survival of Neodiprion swainei and N. 68: 553– 556.
Beck, S. ( 1957).— The European corn borer. Pyrausta nubilalis (Hubn.) and its principal host plant. IV Larval saccharotropism and host plant resistance. Beck, S. ( 1965).— Resistance of plants to insects.
Ent 10: 207– 232. Beck, S. ( 1974).— Theoretical aspects of host plant specificity in insects. Mississippi Univ. Bernays, E. And Chapman, R.
( 1970).— Experiments to determine the basis of food selection by Chorthippus parallelus (Zett.) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in the field. Ecol 39: 761– 775. Chapman, R. ( 1974).— The chemical inhibition of feeding by phytophagous insects: a review. Res 64: 339– 363. Cobbinah, J. ( 1978).— The biology and food preferences of the gum leaf skeletonizer, Uraba lugens (Walk.) Ph.D.
University of Adelaide. ( 1977).— Nutrient chemicals as phagostimulants for Locusta migratoria L. Ent 2: 113– 121. Dadd, R. ( 1960).— Observations on the palatability and utilization of food by locusts, with particular reference to the interpretation of performances in growth trials using synthetic diets. Appl 3: 283– 304.
Davis, F. ( 1975).— Essential amino acids for growth of larvae of the yellow mealworm.
Tenebrio molitor. Nutrition 105: 1071– 1075. Dethier, V. ( 1953).— Host plant perception in phytophagous insects. Amsterdam 2: 81– 89. Dethier, V.
G., Barton-Browne, L. And Smith, C.
( 1960).— The designation of chemicals in terms of the response they elicit from insects. Ent 53: 134– 136. Dobie, P.
( 1974).— The laboratory assessment of the inherent susceptibility of maize varieties to post-harvest infestation by Sitophilus zeamais Motshc. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Res 10: 183– 197. Fox, L. And Macauley, B.
( 1977).— Insect grazing on Eucalyptus in response to variation in leaf tannis and nitrogen. Oecologia (Berl.) 29: 145– 162.
Fraenkel, G. ( 1953).— The nutritional value of green plants for insects. Entomol 2: 90– 100. Fraenkel, G. ( 1969).— Evaluation of our thoughts on secondary plant substances.
Appl 12: 473– 486. Fraenkel, G. And Blewett, M. ( 1943).— The vitamin B-complex requirements of several insects.
J 37: 686– 692. Heron, R. ( 1965).— The role of chemotactic stimuli in the feeding behaviour of spruce budworm larvae on white spruce. Zool 43: 247– 269. House, H. ( 1958).— Nutritional requirements of insects associated with animal parasitism.
Parasitology 7: 555– 609. House, H. ( 1961).— Insect nutrition. Ent 6: 13– 26. Hsaio, T. ( 1969).— Chemical basis of host selection and plant resistance in oligophagous insects.
Appl 12: 777– 788. Hsiao, T. And Fraenkel, G. ( 1968).— The influence of nutrient chemicals on the feeding behaviour of the Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata. Am 61: 44– 54.
Ikeda, T., Matsumura, F. And Benjamin, D. ( 1977).— Mechanism of feeding discrimination between matured and juvenile foliage by two species of pine sawflies. Ecol 3: 677– 694.
Johnson, B. ( 1953).— The injurious effects of the hooked epidermal hairs of french beans Phaseolus vulgaris on Aphis craccivora Koch. 44: 779– 788. Kennedy, J. ( 1965).— Mechanism of host plant selection.
Biol 56: 317– 322. Loeb, J. ( 1915).— The salts required for development of insects.
Chem 23: 693– 709. ( 1969).— Interaction of plant phenols and salivary phenolases in the relationship between plants and Hemiptera. Appl 12: 736– 744.
Morgan, F. And Cobbinah, J. ( 1977).— Oviposition and establishment of the larvae of the gum leaf skeletoniser, Uraba lugens Walk.
For 40: 44– 55. Soo Hoo, C. And Fraenkel, G. ( 1966).— The selection of food plants in a polyphagous insect. Prodenia eridania. Insect Physiol 12: 693– 709.
Sutherland, O. ( 1971).— Feeding behaviour of the grass grub Costelytra zealandica (White) (Coleoptera: Melolonthinae). The influence of carbohydrates. Jl Sci 14: 18– 24. Sutherland, O.
And Hillier, J. ( 1974).— Feeding behaviour of the grass grub. Costelytra zealandica (White) (Coleoptera:Melolonthinae). The influence of amino acids, ascorbic acid and inorganic salts. Thorsteinson, A. ( 1958).— The chemotactic influence of plant constituents on feeding by phytophagous insects.
9 Essential Amino Acids
Appl 1: 23– 27. Wiklund, C.
( 1975).— The evolutionary relationship between adult oviposition preferences and larval host plant range in Papilio machaon L. Oecologia 18: 185– 197. Related content. Withers, Karina J. Potter, Lisa A. Berndt, Shaun A.
Forgie, Quentin E. Paynter, Darren J. Kriticos, Risk posed by the invasive defoliator Uraba lugens to New Zealand native flora, Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 2011, 13, 1, 99. 2 Herbert N. Nigg, Rhonda A. Yang, Suzanne Fraser, CONSUMPTION OF BAIT SOLUTIONS BY ANASTREPHA SUSPENSA, Florida Entomologist, 2007, 90, 2, 370.
John Waite Essential Amino List
3 J. Metcalf, Spatial analysis of an outbreak ofUraba lugens(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the southwest of Western Australia: does logging, vegetation type or fire influence outbreaks?, Australian Forestry, 2004, 67, 2, 101. 4 Maciej A. Pszczolkowski, John J. Brown, Effect of sugars and non-nutritive sugar substitutes on consumption of apple leaves by codling moth neonates, Phytoparasitica, 2003, 31, 3, 283. 5 P. Parisella, Feeding preferences of eastern spruce budworm larvae in two-choice tests with extracts of mature foliage and with pure amino acids, Journal of Chemical Ecology, 1988, 14, 8, 1649.
6 WILLIAM J. MATTSON, ROBERT A. HAACK, Insect Outbreaks, 1987, 365. 7 J.R. Cobbinah, Suitability of various eucalypts for growth of the larvae of Uraba lugens (Walk), Forest Ecology and Management, 1983, 6, 4, 361.